hydrocarbons

Area: Exploration of Hydrocarbons:
Studies on Gas-hydrates Exploration

Project Title	*Exploration of gas-hydrates along the Indian margins*
Project Number	MLP-5105-28 (KS)
Project Leader	Dr. Kalachand Sain
Duration	2007 to 2010

Objectives:

To develop seismic techniques for the identification and quantification of gas-hydrates along the margins of India
OBS studies in the Indian offshore for gas-hydrates investigation
To synthesize gas-hydrates in laboratory simulated conditions and characterize them using Raman Spectrometers

S&T Staff:

S.No	Name	Designation	Email	Phone
1.	Dr. Kalachand Sain	Scientist - EII	kalachandsain@yahoo.com	040-23434799
2.	Dr. P.S.R.Prasad	Scientist - E-I	psrprasad@ngri.res.in	2545
3.	Dr. Uma Shankar	Scientist - C	umashankar_ngri@yahoo.com	2510
4.	Dr. N.Satyavani	Scientist - C	satyavani@ngri.res.in	2509
5.	Dr. Maheswar Ojha	Scientist - B	maheswar_ojha@yahoo.com	2510
6.	Dr. P.Prasada Rao	Technical Officer E-II	pasupuleti56@yahoo.com	2506
7.	Mrs. A. Prasanti	Technical Officer A	prasanti.ngri@gmail.com	2509
8.	Mr.Mohammed Rafique	Technical Assistant Gr.III (I)	rafiq.attar@yahoo.com	2507
9.	Mr.G.Sunil Kumar	Technician Gr.II(IV)	----	2507

Linked Sponsored Projects:

GAP-329-28(KS): Studies on Gas Hydrate Exploartion and technology development for its exploitation.
GAP-470-28(KS): Crustal Architecture and Seismogenic coupling zone in the Andaman Subduction zone
GAP-527-28(KS) : Delineating the areal extension and quantititave assessment of gas-hydrates in the Krishna-Godavari region by analysing, modeling and inversion of large-offset MCS data available with DGH and ONGC.
SIP-0012-28(KS): Evolution of the Indian Lithosphere: Focus on major earth processes, resources and the geo-environment since the break up of Gondwana super continent.

List of Publications:

AUTHORS NAME	TITLE	JOURNAL NAME	YEAR	VOLUME	PAGE No.
K.L. Kaila & K.Sain	Errors in rms velocity and zero offset two-way time as determined from wide-angle seismic reflection times using truncated series	*Journal of Seismic Exploration*	1994	3	173-188
K. Sain & K.L. Kaila Sain	Inversion of wide-angle seismic reflection times with damped least squares	*Geophysics*	1994	59	1735-1744
K. Sain & P.R. Reddy	Direct calculation of thicknesses of high velocity and underlying low velocity layers using post-critical reflection times in seismic refraction experiments	*Journal of Applied Geophysics*	1995	134	125-136
K. Sain & K.L. Kaila	Ambiguity in the solution of the velocity inversion problem and a solution by joint inversion of seismic refraction and wide-angle reflection times	*Geophysical Journal International*	1996(a)	124	215-227
K. Sain & K.L. Kaila	Direct calculation of interval velocities and layer thicknesses from wide-angle seismic reflection times	*Geophysical Journal International*	1996(b)	125	30-38
K. Sain & K.L. Kaila	Interpretation of first arrival travel times in seismic refraction work	*Pure and Applied Geophysics*	1996(a)	147	181-194.
K. Sain & K.L. Kaila	A direct method of calculating interval velocities and layer thicknesses from wide-angle seismic reflection times	*Pure and Applied Geophysics*	1996(b)	146	343-363.
K. Sain & P.R. Reddy	Use of post-critical reflections in solving the hidden layer problem in seismic refraction work	*Geophysics*	1997	62	285-1291
P.R. Reddy, K. Sain & A.S.N Murthy	On the seismic vulnerability of Jabalpur region – evidence from deep seismic imaging	*Current Science*	1997	73	796-800.
K.L. Kaila & K. Sain	Variation of crustal velocity structure in India as determined from DSS studies and their implications on regional tectonics	*Journal of Geol. Soc. of India*	1997	49	395-407
C. Subrahmanium, S.I. Reddy, N.K. Thakur, T.G. Rao & K. Sain	Gas hydrates - a synoptic view	*Journal of Geol. Soc. of India*	1998	52	497-512
P. Kumar, H.C. Tewari & K. Sain	Velocity-depth relationship in selected parts of Indian crust	*Journal of Geol. Soc. of India*	1999	54	129-136.
P.R. Reddy, P.K. Rao & K. Sain	Crustal configuration along the Narmada-Son lineament in central India from deep seismic sounding studies	*Journal of* *Geol. Soc. of India*	1999	43	353-365
K. Sain, T.A. Minshull, S.C. Singh, & R.W. Hobbs	Evidence for a thick free-gas layer beneath the bottom-simulating reflector in the Makran accretionary prism	*Marine Geology*	2000	164	3-12
K. Sain, Nigel Bruguier, A.S.N. Murthy & P.R. Reddy	Shallow velocity structure along the Hirapur-Mandla profile in central India, using travel time inversion of wide- angle seismic data, and its tectonic implications	*Geophysical Journal International*	2000	142	505-515
D. Sarkar, K. Chandrakala, P.P. Devi, A.R. Sridhar, K. Sain & P.R. Reddy	Crustal velocity structure beneath western Dharwar craton, south India	*Journal of Geodynamics*	2001	31	227-241
K. Sain, P.R. Reddy & L. Behera	Imaging of low-velocity Gondwana sediments in the Mahanadi delta of India using travel time inversion of first arrival seismic data	*Journal of Applied Geophysics*	2002	49	163-171
L. Behera, K. Sain, P.R. Reddy, I.B.P. Rao & V.Y.N. Sharma	Delineation of shallow structure and Gondwana graben in Mahanadi delta, India using forward modeling of first arrival seismic data	*Journal of Geodynamics*	2002	34	129-141
K. Sain, C.A. Zelt & P.R. Reddy	Imaging of subvolcanic Mesozoics using travel time inversion of wide-angle seismic data in the Saurashtra peninsula of India	*Geophysical Journal International*	2002	150	820-826
P. Kumar, K. Sain & H.C. Tewari	A direct method of estimating the depth to a reflector from wide-angle reflection times	*Geophysical Journal International*	2003(a)	152	740-748
P.R. Reddy, B.R. Prasad, V.V. Rao, K. Sain, P.P. Rao, P. Khare & M.S. Reddy	Deep seismic reflection and refraction/wide-angle reflection studies along Kuppam-Palani transect in the southern granulite terrain of India	*Journal of Geol. Soc. of India*	2003	50	79-106
C.A. Zelt, K. Sain, J.V. Naumenko & D.S. Sawyer	Assessment of crustal velocity models using seismic refraction and reflection tomography	*Geophysical Journal International*	2003(b)	153	609-626
P. Vohat, K. Sain & N.K. Thakur	Heat flow and geothermal gradient from BSR: a case study	*Current Science*	2003(a)	85	1263-1266
N. Satyavani, N.K. Thakur, U. Shankar, S.I. Reddi, A.R. Sridhar, P.P. Rao, K. Sain & R. Khanna	Indicators of gas hydrates: role of velocity and amplitude	*Current Science*	2003(b)	85	1360-1363
R.K. Dash, K. Sain & N.K. Thakur	Overpressure detection from seismic AVO response: an application to gas hydrates	*Current Science*	2004	86	985-990
L. Behera, K. Sain & P.R. Reddy	Evidence of underplating from seismic and gravity studies in the Mahanadi delta and its tectonic significance	*Journal of Geophysical Research*	2004	109, B12311	1-25
S.K. Bhukta, K. Sain & H.C. Tewari	Crustal structure along the Lawrencepur-Astor profile across the Nanga Parbat	*Pure & Applied Geophysics*	2006	163	1257-1277
R. Ghosh, M. Ojha, K. Sain & N.K. Thakur	Physical parameters of hydrated sediments estimated from marine seismic reflection data: a case study	*Current Science*	2006	90	1421-1430
V.V. Rao, K. Sain, P.R. Reddy & W.D. Mooney	Crustal structure and tectonics of the northern part of the Southern Granulite Terrain, India	*Earth & Planetary Science Letters*	2006	251	90-103
L. Behera & K. Sain	Crustal velocity structure of Indian shield from the deep seismic sounding and receiver function studies	*Journal of Geol. Soc. of India*,	2006	68	989-992
M. Ojha & K. Sain,	Seismic velocities and quantification of gas hydrates from AVA modeling in the western continental margin of India	*Marine Geophysical Researches*	2007	28	101-107
V.V. Rao, K. Sain & V. G. Krishna	Modeling and inversion of single-ended refraction data from the shot gathers of multifold deep seismic reflection profiling – an approach for deriving the shallow velocity structure	*Geophysical Journal International*	2007	169	507-514
V.V. Rao, K. Sain & B.R. Prasad	Dipping moho in the southern part of the eastern Dharwar craton, India, as revealed by the coincident seismic reflection and refraction Study	*Current Science*	2007	93	330-336
Uma Shankar & K. Sain	Specific character of the bottom simulating reflectors near mud diapirs: Western margin of India,	*Current Science*	2007	93	997-1002
R.K. Chadha, D. Srinagesh, A. Manglik & K. Sain	A Note on “PLANET EART – Focal theme for the 94^th session of the Indian Science Congress	*Journal of Geol. Soc. of India*	2007	69	873-874
K. Sain	Gas hydrates - A potential source of energy	*Journal of Geol. Soc. of India*	2007	70	173-174
D. Sarkar, K. Sain, P.R. Reddy, R.D. Catchings, and W.D. Mooney	Seismic-reflection images of the crust beneath the 2001 M = 7.7 Kutch (Bhuj) epicentral region, western India, InStein, S., and Mazzotti, S., Ed., Continental Intraplate Earthquakes: Science, Hazard, and Policy Issues	Geological Society of America	2007	Special Paper 425	319–327
A.S.N. Murthy, K. Sain, H.C. Tewari & B.R. Prasad	Crustal velocity inhomogeneities along the Hirapur-Mandla profile, central India and its tectonic implications	*Journal of Asian Exploration Seismology*	2008	31	533-545
P.S.R. Prasad, K. Shiva Prasad, Y. Sowjanya & K. Sain	Laser micro Raman investigations on gas hydrates	*Current Science*	2008	94	1495-1499
M. Ojha & K. Sain	Appraisal of gas hydrates/free-gas from V_P/V_S ratio in the Makran accretionary prism	Marine & Petroleum Geology	2008	25	637-644
K. Sain & H. K. Gupta	Gas hydrates: Indian scenario	*Journal of Geol. Soc. of India*	2008	72	299-311
Uma Shankar, M. Ojha, K. Sain, R.K. Khanna, M. Sudhakar & A. Tyagi	Seafloor geophysical study in search of gas hydrates/gas related evidences in the deep waters of the western continental margin of India	*Journal of Geol. Soc. of India*	2008	72	547-555
K. Sain & M. Ojha	Identification and quantification of gas hydrates: a viable source of energy in the 21^st century	*Memoir, Geol. Soc. of India*	2008	68	273-288
K. Sain	An overview of the crustal structures in India from deep seismic sounding studies and their geotectonic implications	*Memoir, Geol. Soc. of India*	2008	68	123-150
N. Satyavani, K. Sain, Malcolm Lall, & B.J.P. Kumar	Seismic attribute study for gas hydrates in the Andaman offshore, India	Marine Geophysical Researches	2008	29	167-175
A.S.N. Murthy, K. Sain, & B.R. Prasad	Velocity structure of West-Bengal sedimentary basin, India along Palashi-Kandi profile using travel time inversion of wide-angle seismic data and gravity modeling-An Update	*Pure & Applied Geophysics*	2008	165	1733-1750
R. Ghosh & K. Sain	Effective medium modeling to assess gas hydrate and free gas evident from the velocity structure in the Makran accretionary prism	*Marine Geophysical Researches*	2008	29	267–274
K. Sain	Gas hydrates: a future major potential energy resource of India	*International Journal of Earth Sciences and Engineering*	2009	2	1-11
Uma Shankar & K. Sain	Heat flow variation from bottom simulating reflector in the Kerala-Konkan basin of the western continental margin of India	*Indian Journal of Marine Sciences*	2009	38	110-115
K. Sain& M. Ojha	Estimation of gas hydrates and free-gas concentrations using modeling and crossplot of seismic amplitudes from the bottom simulating reflector	*Advances in Geosciences*	2009		In press
Uma Shankar, S. S. Singh & K. Sain	Signal enhancement and multiple suppression using radon transform – An application to marine multichannel seismic data	*Marine Geophysical Researches* in press	2009		In press
A.R. Sridhar, ASSSRS. Prasad, N. Satyavani and K. Sain	Sub-Trappean Mesozoic sediments in the Narmada basin based on travel time and amplitude modeling - a revisit to old seismic data	Current Sciences	2009		Accepted
K. Sain, A.K. Singh, N.K. Thakur & R. K. Khanna	Seismic quality factor observations for gas-hydrate-bearing sediments on western margins of India	*Marine Geophysical Researches*	2008		Accepted
R. Ghosh, K. Sain & M. Ojha	Effective medium modeling of gas hydrate-filled fractures using sonic log in the Krishna-Godavari basin, eastern Indian offshore	Journal of *Geophysical Research*	2009		Minor Revision
M. Ojha, K. Sain & T.A. Minshull	Assessment of gas hydrates saturation in the Makran accretionary prism using the offset dependence of seismic amplitudes	*Geophysics*	2009		Minor Revision
R. Ghosh, M. Ojha & K. Sain	Choice of rock physics models for assessment of gas hydrate and free gas: A case study in the Cascadia accretionary prism	*Marine & Petroleum Geology*	2009		Submitted
M. Ojha & K. Sain	Seismic attributes for identifying gas hydrates and free-gas zones: application to the Makran accretionary prism	*Episodes*	2009		Under Revision
H. K. Gupta & K. Sain	Gas hydrates activities along the Indian margins and future strategies	*Current Science*	2009		Under Revision
K. Sain, V. Rajesh, N. Satyavani & K.V. Subbarao	Gas hydrates stability thickness map along the margins of India	*Marine Geophysical Researches*	2009		Submitted
R. Ghosh, K. Sain & M. Ojha	Gas hydrate and free gas on the Blake Ridge from vertical seismic profiling using effective medium theory	*Pure & Applied Geophysics*	2009		Submitted
K. Sain, Y. Subbarao, V. Rajesh, N. Satyavani & K.V. Subbarao	Physical parameters derived from a BSR in the Andaman offshore	*Marine Geophysical Researches*	2009		Submitted
K. Sain, F. Gao, G.R. Pratt & C.A. Zelt	Stratigraphy of sub-volcanic sediments using 2-D waveform tomography of wide-angle seismic data	*Geophysical Journal International*	2008		under preparation

Patents:

(i) A method for assessing gas hydrates from seismic amplitude versus offset (AVO) crossplot (Ref. No. 0194 NF2007) by M. Ojha & K. Sain has been filed in CSIR for US Patent.

(ii) Anisotropic velocity analysis for a multi-layered flat earth (Ref. No. 0427 NF2002) by Behera and Sain has been accepted by CSIR and filed for US Patent & Copyright.

(iii) A method to estimate gas hydrates and free-gas saturation using effective medium theory (Ref. No. 0070 NF2008) by R. Ghosh, M. Ojha & K. Sain has been filed in CSIR for US Patent.

(iv) A method to quantify the amount of gas hydrates and free-gas from Vp/Vs ratio (Ref. No. 0077 NF2008) by M. Ojha & K. Sain has been filed in CSIR for US Patent.

(v) A method for estimating seismic attenuation and hence identifying gas hydrates from MCS data by K. Sain is ready for filing.

Exploration of gas-hydrates along the Indian margins

MLP-5105-28 (KS)

Dr. Kalachand Sain

2007 to 2010